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502 and 540 Big-Block Engine Comparison - Big-TimerBored & Stroked: 502 vs. 540 From the March, 2011 issue of Chevy High Performance By Henry De Los Santos, Sean Haggai Photography by Joe Rode, Sean Haggai
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The idea behind building power is simple, remaining almost unchanged since the inception of the internal combustion engine. The quicker and more efficiently you can get the air and fuel mixture in and the spent fumes out, the better your chances. When that’s not enough, adding more bore and stroke to the mix not only adds precious cubic inches, but creates a platform to handle even more air and fuel. Our ZZ502ci crate motor from GM Performance Parts was in need of an update. At the time, our big-block produced some serious grunt from the factory with only 9.6:1. With 502 hp and 567 lb-ft, it made the perfect engine swap for any muscle car, instantly transforming it into a pump-gasfriendly driver. While it would have been easy to bump up the compression, add a big-lift camshaft with matching springs, and a single-plane manifold outright, we were after an engine that maintained its already docile characteristics, but increase overall output at the same time. We took each upgrade a step at a time and outlined the gains. This engine was to remain a driver with occasional trips to the track and would rarely see anything over 6,000 rpm. We wanted to showcase how much extra work is involved to bore and stroke the ZZ502. Would the extra cubic inches be worth the added labor and cost? In an effort to take a scientific approach to each portion of the build, we’ve outlined our plan with four separate dyno tests. For our baseline numbers, we’ve utilized a freshly assembled ZZ502 using a COMP Cams roller camshaft with 0.521/0.540-inch intake/exhaust lift and 236/242 intake/exhaust duration at 0.050 inch on a 106 lobe center. We also upgraded the springs and lifters, including a Weiand oval-port manifold to the crate ZZ cylinder heads. From there, we stroked the ZZ502 to 540 ci, utilized the same valvetrain with a Weiand manifold, and compared those gains. To maximize our efforts, we took it a step further by adding larger Dart Pro 1 cylinders heads, again using the original valvetrain. Finally, we swapped out the camshafts with more lift (0.540/0.560-inch intake exhaust) and duration (242/248 intake/exhaust at 0.050 inch) to capitalize on the additional flow of the Dart Pro 1 cylinder heads. The best part is we’ve documented the entire build by illustrating the differences between the ZZ502 and the stroked 540. With the final numbers produced, our efforts were worth 90 hp and nearly 81 lb-ft. On the plus side, the 540 is just as reliable with a healthy helping of additional low-end grunt. Piston ring seal is important... Piston ring seal is important since they battle heat, pressure, and constant exposure to friction. In addition, they seal the gap between the cylinder walls, eliminating blow-by into the crankcase. SRP’s ring set from Total Seal fights all of this using a plasma coating that’s applied to the ring’s face. Its application avoids scuff marks onto the walls and increases durability of the ring itself. While the freshened-up version of our 502ci received KB hypereutectic pistons, our stroked-out 540 ci got a forged SRP treatment. Both sets of 4.500-inch bore flat-top pistons came with a single valve relief and 1/16-, 1/16-, and 3/16-inch ring thickness sets. Wristpin diameters were also the same at 0.990 inch. KB’s piston set offers an affordable alternative to the forged version from SRP, yet are still 30 percent stronger than ordinary untreated hypereutectics since they are 390 alloy heat-treated pieces. They also feature 100 percent CNC crowns, a high upper compression ring location, gas accumulator groove, and drilled oil returns, and accepts spiral-lock retainers. Our inverted dome SRP pistons are made from 4032 low-expansion, heat-resistant high-silicon aluminum alloy. Their ring lands and crown thickness are specifically engineered for extra load and also include pin fitting, double Spirolocks and wristpins.  Our ZZ502 received a complete...  Our ZZ502 received a complete rebuild before initial testing could begin. JMS Racing Engines freshened up the crate motor by giving attention to the bores by opening them from 4.470 inches to 4.500 inches (0.017-inch overbore), added new oversized KB pistons, rings, and rod and main bearings, but utilized the same ZZ502 forged rods and crankshaft. COMP supplied the XR288HR camshaft (0.521/0.540-inch intake/exhaust lift and 236/242 intake/exhaust duration at 0.050 inch on a 106 lobe center) and lifters. The pair of aluminum crate cylinder heads was then upgraded with higher rate, 347 lb/in dual springs.  On the dyno at JMS Racing...  On the dyno at JMS Racing Engines, we finalized the build by utilizing a Weiand intake manifold (oval port) and a Holley 950 carburetor. Our initial baseline runs netted us exactly what we had expected. Our freshened ZZ502 made 514 hp at 5,500 rpm with 579 lb-ft at 3,200 rpm.  After our initial baseline...  After our initial baseline testing of the ZZ502 was complete, we moved on to compare the benefits of adding cubic inches to the mix. With Joel Rode, owner of Hot Rod Specialties, we began to add our stroker kit. While our bore remained the same (4.500 inches), our stroke increased from 4.00 inches to a longer, 4.25 inches with the help of a new 4340 forged Scat crankshaft with a one-piece rear main seal. Our internally balanced rotating assembly engine kit from Northern Auto Parts (HP540K) came with all the major components we needed to stroke out our 540. Included was a Scat 4.250-inch forged crankshaft, 6.385-inch H-beam rods, with forged SRP pistons and a plasma ring set. To complete the kit, Clevite rod and main bearings were also included.
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